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Total assets per household in each province

　　How many assets do urban households in China have? How much debt is there? Is the household debt risk controllable? The latest investigation and study by the investigation and statistics department of the central bank gives the answer. On April 24th, WeChat official account, the official WeChat of China Finance magazine, published the research report "Survey on the Assets and Liabilities of Urban Households in China in 2019", which was written by the research group of the Survey and Statistics Department of the People’s Bank of China.

　　In the middle and late October of 2019, the research group of assets and liabilities of urban households of the Survey and Statistics Department of the People’s Bank of China conducted an assets and liabilities survey on more than 30,000 urban households in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government). This is one of the most complete and detailed surveys on the assets and liabilities of urban residents in China.

　　According to the report, the three provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) with the highest household assets are Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu, among which the average household assets of Beijing residents are 8.928 million yuan.

　　Family assets are mainly real estate.

　　Every household has 1.5 suites.

　　According to the survey data, the average total assets of urban households is 3.179 million yuan, and the median is 1.63 million yuan. The difference between the mean and the median is 1.549 million yuan.

　　After deducting the assets from the liabilities, the net assets obtained can more truly reflect the wealth level of the households. According to the survey data, the average net worth of urban households in China is 2.89 million yuan. The median net worth of a family is 1.41 million yuan, which is 1.48 million yuan lower than the average.

　　In terms of economic regions, the eastern region is significantly higher than other regions. The average total assets of households in the eastern region are 4.61 million yuan, which are 1.975 million yuan, 2.534 million yuan and 2.96 million yuan higher than those in the central, western and northeastern regions respectively.

　　The survey shows that the household assets of urban residents in China are mainly physical assets, with an average of 2.53 million yuan, accounting for 80% of the total household assets.

　　Of the physical assets, 74.2% are housing assets, and the average household housing assets are 1.878 million yuan. The proportion of residents’ housing assets to total household assets is 59.1%.

　　The survey shows that the housing ownership rate of urban households in China is 96.0%, the proportion of households with one house is 58.4%, the proportion of households with two houses is 31.0%, the proportion of households with three or more houses is 10.5%, and the average household owns 1.5 houses. The overall housing ownership rate of American households is 63.7%, which is 32.3 percentage points lower than that of China.

　　The more houses owned by urban households, the lower the proportion of housing assets in their household assets. The proportion of housing assets in the total assets of a family with one house is 64.3%, that of a family with two houses is 62.7%, and that of a family with three or more houses is 51.0%. This is mainly because families with multiple properties are more inclined to diversify their assets after solving their basic housing needs.

　　Risk-free financial assets per household are 350,000 yuan.

　　The total debt per household is 512,000 yuan.

　　According to the survey, 99.7% of the families surveyed have financial assets, with an average financial asset of 649,000 yuan, accounting for 20.4% of the total family assets. Compared with the United States, the proportion of financial assets of urban households in China is low, which is 22.1 percentage points lower than that of the United States.

　　The families are sorted by financial assets and physical assets from low to high. The financial assets owned by the families with the highest 10% financial assets account for 58.3% of all sample families, while the assets owned by the families with the highest 10% physical assets account for 47.1%. It can be seen that the imbalance of financial assets is more significant.

　　The survey shows that the holding rate of risk-free financial assets in the surveyed families is 99.6%, and the average household is 352,000 yuan; The holding rate of risk financial assets is 59.6%, and the average household is 501,000 yuan. From the survey sample as a whole, the average household holds 350,000 yuan of risk-free financial assets, accounting for 53.9% of the total financial assets, which is higher than the risk-free financial assets.

　　In terms of household liabilities, the survey shows that the proportion of households with liabilities is 56.5%. In terms of regions, the household debt participation rate in Northeast China is the lowest, accounting for 42.1%; 57.9% in the east and 55.7% in the middle; The highest in the western region is 60.1%.

　　Among the indebted families, the total debt per household is 512,000 yuan. Among them, 53.8% households have a debt balance of less than 300,000 yuan, 35.6% households have a debt balance of 300,000 to 1 million yuan, and 10.5% households have a debt balance of more than 1 million yuan. The liabilities of urban households are mainly bank loans. Among households with debts, the average bank loan is 496,000 yuan, accounting for 96.8% of the total liabilities of households.

　　The proportion of liabilities outside the banking system is low, only 3.2%, of which the average household liabilities of private loans and Internet financial products loans are 12,000 yuan and 0.1 million yuan respectively, accounting for 2.4% and 0.2% of the total household liabilities respectively.

　　From the perspective of debt use, mortgage is the basic composition of household debt. Among the indebted households, 76.8% have housing loans, and the average household housing loan balance is 389,000 yuan, accounting for 75.9% of the total household liabilities.

　　analyse

　　The household debt risk is generally controllable.

　　The report pointed out that the asset-liability ratio of urban households is generally stable and their solvency is generally strong.

　　Overall, the asset-liability ratio of urban households in China is relatively low. The survey shows that the average asset-liability ratio of urban households in China is 9.1%, which is lower than that of the United States (12.1%). Among them, the average asset-liability ratio of indebted families is 14.8%, and the median is 15.8%.

　　According to the report, the solvency of urban households in China is generally strong. According to the survey data, the average debt service income ratio of urban households is 18.4%, of which the mortgage debt service income ratio is 9.1%. The average debt service income ratio of indebted households is 29.5%, and the median is 26.7%.

　　According to the results of the investigation, the research group puts forward two problems that need to be paid attention to. First, the financial asset-liability ratio of households is relatively high, and there is a certain liquidity risk. The survey shows that the financial asset-liability ratio of urban households in China is 44.6%, among which the average financial asset-liability ratio of indebted households is 85.3% and the median is 117.3%, and the financial asset-liability ratio of more than half of households exceeds 100%. It can be seen that although the overall asset-liability ratio of residents is stable, the liquidity of assets is poor and there is a certain liquidity risk.

　　Second, the debt risk of some families is relatively high, mainly manifested in: some low-asset families are insolvent and the risk of default is high; Young and middle-aged groups have great debt pressure and high debt risk; There are many financial products such as wealth management, asset management and trust invested by the elderly groups, which are risky; The debt risk of just-needed mortgage families is outstanding. (Reporter Cheng Wei)

　

The scene of the game. Photo courtesy of Qinhuai River Company

Measure the first historical and cultural river in China with paddles, and enjoy the ancient city of Jinling on the Qinhuai River. At 6: 30 am on December 2nd, at the dock of Shicheng Park on Qinhuai River, the contestants of the 3rd Nanjing Rowing Marathon Open were ready to challenge the single rower to row the whole horse (42.195km) and the half horse (21.0975km).

According to the relevant person in charge of Qinhuai River Company, the innovative competition form and extremely challenging difficulty of the event are the first in China, which provides a new opportunity for the national contestants to "look at Nanjing from another angle" and also shows a new business card for Qinhuai River to strive for a global water gold track.

The scene of the game. Photo courtesy of Qinhuai River Company

After more than four hours of competition, Shi Haiming, a marathon runner in men’s single rowing, won the men’s team championship with a historical best score of 4 hours, 07 minutes and 01 seconds. Gu Yongheng was runner-up in 4 hours, 25 minutes and 41 seconds. Jason, president of Nanjing Rowing Association, is the oldest contestant in this competition. He has been participating in rowing marathon for three years at the age of 68, and won the third place in this competition in 4 hours, 36 minutes and 18 seconds.

Dr. Li Shengnan from Nantah Rowing Team, the first women’s single rowing marathon, won the women’s championship with the best time of 4 hours, 42 minutes and 03 seconds.

Winners celebrate the scene. Photo courtesy of Qinhuai River Company

The competition for the men’s single rowing half marathon was fierce. The top three finished the race within 2 hours, and Guo Wei won the championship in 1 hour, 51 minutes and 21 seconds. Jin Kewei won the runner-up in 1 hour, 57 minutes and 50 seconds; Gu Rong won the third place in 1 hour, 59 minutes and 55 seconds. Wan Wei and Miao Xudong, who participated for the first time, won the fourth and fifth place respectively.

It is understood that this event is guided by Nanjing Rowing Association, sponsored by China Boat Group and hosted by Nanjing Boat Friends Rowing Club. In terms of cultural excavation, the competition provided the contestants with detailed river maps in advance, as well as story explanations of historical and cultural allusions, paddled among them, moved to change scenery, and their mood rippled in history and culture. In recent years, water sports in Nanjing have experienced explosive growth, and more people have actually enjoyed the achievements of environmental governance in Nanjing. Bathing in the sun and paddling the Qinhuai River has become a new choice for Nanjing citizens to keep fit. (Chen Jian)

　　Cctv news: The State Financial Supervision and Administration Bureau issued a notice on matters related to the connection between individual tax deferred commercial endowment insurance pilot and individual pension. The full text is as follows:

　　Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian and Xiamen Supervision Bureaus of the State Financial Supervision and Administration Bureau, China Bank Insurance Information Technology Management Co., Ltd., a pilot company of personal tax deferred commercial endowment insurance:

　　In order to implement the Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting the Development of Individual Pensions (No.7 [2022] of the State Council), the Measures for the Implementation of Individual Pensions (No.70 [2022] of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security), and the Notice of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China on Relevant Matters Concerning Insurance Companies’ Personal Pensions (No.17 [2022] of the Banking Insurance Regulatory Commission), and promote the healthy and orderly development of individual pension businesses, In consultation with the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the State Administration of Taxation, the General Administration of Financial Supervision decided to carry out the pilot project of individual tax deferred commercial endowment insurance (hereinafter referred to as individual tax deferred endowment insurance) and the convergence of individual pensions. The relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:

　　1. The pilot company of individual tax deferred pension insurance (hereinafter referred to as the pilot company) shall adhere to the principles of compliance, initiative and convenient operation, do a good job in policy propaganda, optimize the handling process, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of customers, carry out the pilot business of individual tax deferred pension insurance in an orderly manner, and in principle complete all the work before the end of 2023.

　　Second, China Bank Insurance Information Technology Management Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Yinbaoxin Company) shall strengthen the construction and operation management of the information platform of individual tax deferred pension insurance and the information platform of individual pension in the banking insurance industry (hereinafter referred to as the platform of bancassurance industry), and support the connection between the pilot of individual tax deferred pension insurance and individual pension.

　　III. Yinbaoxin Co., Ltd. shall co-ordinate the confirmation of the policy information of individual tax deferred pension insurance. Within three working days from the date of issuance of this notice, Yinbaoxin Co., Ltd. shall provide its individual tax deferred pension insurance policy information, including basic information of the insured and payment information, to all pilot companies according to the information of the individual tax deferred pension insurance information platform. Since September 1st, 2023, Yinbaoxin Company has closed the new interface of insurance contract of tax deferred pension insurance information platform, stopped the new account opening function of tax deferred pension insurance policyholders (hereinafter referred to as policyholders), and stopped issuing tax deduction vouchers for tax deferred pension insurance to policyholders.

　　Four, the pilot company will check the information provided by the bank insurance company with the relevant information of the company, and the inconsistent information shall be confirmed with the bank insurance company one by one. Within 15 working days from the date of issuance of this notice, the pilot company shall determine the policy information of individual tax deferred endowment insurance and feed it back to the bancassurance company. Since September 1, 2023, the pilot company stopped selling tax deferred pension insurance products to new customers, and supported the change of tax deferred pension insurance policy to personal pension tax deferred pension insurance policy.

　　5. After the pilot company completes the docking with the platform system of the bancassurance industry, it shall submit a description of the docking to the General Administration of Financial Supervision, and the General Administration of Financial Supervision shall include the individual tax deferred pension insurance products it has conducted in the list of individual pension insurance products. Individual tax deferred pension insurance products of pilot companies that have not carried out individual tax deferred pension insurance business shall not be included in the list of individual pension insurance products.

　　If a pilot company applies for filing other personal pension insurance products, it shall meet the requirements for the insurance company to carry out personal pension business.

　　Six, the pilot company shall support the insured who has not yet entered the stage of receiving the pension annuity, and after completing the opening of the personal pension account and the opening or designation of the personal pension fund account, the application for changing the tax deferred pension insurance policy to the personal pension tax deferred pension insurance policy is put forward.

　　Seven, after receiving the applicant’s application for policy change, the pilot company shall prompt it to check the tax deferred old-age insurance payment and personal pension fund account payment in 2022 and 2023. If the above two payments totaled more than 12,000 yuan in that year, the applicant can apply for a refund of the excess premium of tax deferred old-age insurance with the relevant payment certificate. The pilot company shall obtain the confirmation of the insured whether it is necessary to refund part of the premium to it.

　　If the applicant applies for refund of the premium, the pilot company shall verify the relevant certificates within 10 working days, refund the excess premium and obtain the confirmation of the applicant.

　　Eight, the pilot company in accordance with the provisions of article seventh of this notice to obtain the confirmation of the insured, in accordance with the following procedures for policy changes:

　　(1) Preserve the individual tax deferred endowment insurance policy by changing the bank account information of the applicant, and notify the applicant of the processing result;

　　(two) the preservation information submitted to the tax deferred pension insurance information platform;

　　(three) to stop the business operation of the insured’s tax deferred pension insurance policy;

　　(4) Check the basic information of the tax deferred pension insurance policy, the premium information of the tax deferred pension insurance paid and the account value information with the bancassurance company and submit them to the bancassurance industry platform.

　　Nine, after the completion of the policy change, the pilot company shall make a prompt to the insured on the following matters, and obtain the confirmation of the insured:

　　The tax deferred pension insurance policy has been changed into a personal pension tax deferred pension insurance policy, and the insured subsequently pays the premium through the personal pension fund account; The insured needs to check the total amount paid by the individual tax deferred pension insurance policy and the individual pension fund account, and make reasonable arrangements for the subsequent individual pension fund account payment in the remaining time of 2023 according to the annual payment ceiling of 12,000 yuan. The payment beyond the limit cannot be deducted before personal income tax.

　　According to the Announcement of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Individual Income Tax Policies for Individual Pensions (Announcement No.34 of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation, 2022), Shanghai, Fujian, Suzhou Industrial Park and other areas that have implemented the pilot project of individual tax deferred old-age insurance will be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the announcement from January 1, 2022, that is, the total expenditure of individuals purchasing individual tax deferred old-age insurance and the payment to individual pension fund accounts can be within the limit of 12,000 yuan per year.

　　Ten, such as the applicant’s application, the pilot company can through the policy approval way, the individual pension tax deferred pension insurance policy for the following treatment:

　　(a) add a one-time collection method to the contract, and the collection amount is the value of the product account at the time of collection;

　　(2) Add a clause in the contract that allows the insured to surrender, but in the case of new surrender, the cash value of the first three policy years shall not be less than 97%, 98% and 99% of the account value.

　　Personal pension tax deferred pension insurance policy surrender and receive related funds should meet the requirements of closed management of personal pension fund accounts.

　　Eleven, in the process of connecting the pilot business of individual tax deferred pension insurance with personal pension, the bank insurance company shall submit relevant information to the tax authorities as required.

　　The pilot company shall submit information to the bancassurance industry platform in accordance with the provisions when carrying out the business related to individual pension tax deferred pension insurance policies. The bancassurance company shall submit relevant information to the personal pension information management service platform in accordance with the regulations.

　　Twelve, the pilot company shall not support the application for policy change put forward by the insured who has begun to receive the pension annuity.

　　Thirteen, for the insured who has started to receive the pension annuity, the pilot company can add a one-time payment method to the tax deferred pension insurance contract through policy approval according to their application, and the amount received is the difference between the personal account value at the end of the accumulation period of the tax deferred pension insurance product and the amount received. When an individual receives it according to the regulations, the pilot company shall withhold and remit the personal income tax payable.

　　Fourteen, since the date of issuance of this notice, the pilot company shall make a three-month announcement through its official website, and take one of three ways in turn, namely telephone, text message and writing, to give tips on the following contents:

　　(a) the time schedule for the pilot company to carry out the pilot business of individual tax deferred pension insurance and personal pension;

　　(two) the requirements and procedures for the policy change and refund of the insured who has not yet entered the stage of receiving the pension annuity;

　　(three) the requirements and procedures for the applicant who has started to receive the pension annuity to apply for a one-time payment;

　　(four) the requirements and procedures for the change of individual pension tax deferred pension insurance policy;

　　(five) the service situation of the tax deferred pension insurance information platform;

　　(6) Requirements for the closed management of individual pension fund accounts;

　　(7) Preferential tax policies for individual pensions;

　　(eight) other matters related to the protection of the rights and interests of the insured.

　　Fifteen, since January 1, 2024, the tax deferred pension insurance information platform stopped providing account management, renewal payment, information inquiry and other services for the insured. After the pilot project of individual tax deferred pension insurance and personal pension are fully completed, the information platform of individual tax deferred pension insurance stops serving. The pilot company shall do a good job in the policy management of the insured who has not joined the individual pension system.

　　16. From now until December 31, 2023, the pilot company shall submit the progress of the connection between the pilot business of individual tax deferred pension insurance and individual pension to Yinbaoxin Company within 5 working days after the end of each month. The bancassurance company shall, within 10 working days after the end of each month, summarize the situation of the pilot companies and submit a report to the General Administration of Financial Supervision.

CCTV News:In addition, in order to alleviate the financial pressure of enterprises, the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission and the Finance Bureau also guided banks to increase the supply of science and technology credit and innovate science and technology credit products.

This technology enterprise engaged in the research and development of smart factories is also supported by Shanghai’s "Special Action for Helping Enterprises through Science and Technology". During the epidemic period, there was a problem in the capital flow of enterprises. According to the scale of enterprise revenue, Shanghai Science and Technology Commission and Finance Bureau joined forces with financial institutions such as banks, insurance companies and guarantee companies to innovate science and technology credit products, and launched various preferential science and technology credit products such as "science and technology loan", "science and technology performance loan", "little giant credit loan" and "high enterprise loan". This enterprise has applied for a science and technology performance loan and can renew the loan without paying the principal.

Huang Xiaoming, head of an intelligent technology company:The company can’t arrange the capital turnover in time. Under such circumstances, the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission is also urgent for enterprises, helping us to actively (coordinate) guarantee the company and coordinate the bank, and making an unsecured loan of 4 million yuan for us, which has provided great help for enterprises to resume their work and business smoothly.

In addition, according to the provisions of the "Special Action to Help Enterprises by Science and Technology", the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission, together with the finance and taxation departments, will speed up the implementation of policies such as 100% additional deduction of R&D expenses for small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises in 2022, income tax relief for high-tech enterprises and technologically advanced service enterprises, value-added tax exemption for technology development and technology transfer, and income tax relief for technology transfer enterprises.

The reporter learned from the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission that at present, the Shanghai Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Center has issued loans of 29.574 billion yuan to 1,849 enterprises through various preferential technology credit products; Another 198 lending enterprises received seamless loan renewal support in the form of non-repayment and extension, amounting to 1.008 billion yuan.

　　At the beginning of 2020, a new round of pension increase window was reopened. The "Economic Information Daily" reporter was informed that retirees’ pensions will usher in 16 consecutive rises, and urban and rural residents’ pensions are expected to continue to increase. Many places are already planning specific plans. At the same time, the reform of the old-age insurance system in 2020 also ushered in a crucial year, and new breakthroughs were made in the construction of a multi-level old-age insurance system, and a number of heavy measures were ready to go.

　　It is reported that the reform of the basic old-age insurance system is in full swing, and the reasonable adjustment mechanism of pensions and the management measures for occupational annuity investment may be accelerated. In 2020, the proportion of central adjustment of pension insurance funds will continue to be raised, and the provincial-level pension planning and urban and rural residents’ pension investment will be fully closed, which is the "third pillar" that has attracted much attention — — The personal pension system has entered a period of full strength.

　　Following the 5% increase in pensions for retirees in China in 2019, the pensions for retirees of urban enterprises, government agencies and institutions will usher in 16 consecutive increases in 2020, and the pension increase plan is already brewing, or will be accelerated in the near future.

　　The pension adjustment plan for urban and rural residents is also brewing. Guangdong, Inner Mongolia and other places gradually released plans and officially implemented this month. For example, in 2020, Guangdong Province will increase the basic pension of 3 yuan every month for those who have paid for more than 15 years; For the elderly insured who have reached the age of 65 and above, the basic pension will be appropriately added every month. At the same time, the original individual payment grade will be adjusted to nine grades between 180 yuan and 4,800 yuan per year. In Inner Mongolia, the basic old-age insurance payment standard for urban and rural residents is adjusted to 12 grades ranging from 200 yuan to 7,000 yuan. The government subsidies for various payment levels are also clearly defined, with 3,000 yuan for 90 yuan, 5,000 yuan for 95 yuan and 7,000 yuan for 100 yuan.

　　Zhu Xiaoyu, the Social Development Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Fiscal Science of the Ministry of Finance, told the Economic Information Daily that the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee explicitly called for a steady increase in the level of basic old-age insurance. In 2020, the level of basic old-age insurance benefits for urban workers will continue to increase, and the adjustment method will consider combining the inclusive adjustment of "quick march" with the key tilt adjustment of "sorting". In addition, the public finance will increase the pension benefits subsidies for urban and rural residents to further narrow the gap in the treatment level under the dual pension insurance system.

　　Wang Dehua, a researcher at the Institute of Finance and Economics, China Academy of Social Sciences, pointed out that with the improvement of financial subsidy standards and the encouragement of paying more in policies, the pension insurance benefits for urban and rural residents in China will continue to improve as a whole. In addition, the current financial subsidies are mainly based on the local financial situation, and the standards and principles will be further clarified in the future.

　　The reporter was informed that in order to ensure the steady improvement of pension benefits, the reform of the pension insurance system in 2020 is expected to usher in a new breakthrough. "2020 is a crucial year for the reform of the old-age insurance system, and the effect of social security fee reduction has begun to appear. The provincial-level overall planning system for old-age insurance will be fully established nationwide. The central adjustment system continued to increase. At the same time, ‘ Thirteenth Five-Year Plan ’ At the closing time, social security will basically achieve full coverage, ‘ Fourteenth Five-Year Plan ’ The goal will be finalized. " Fang Lianquan, secretary general of the World Social Security Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences, said.

　　Fu Jinling, director of the Social Security Department of the Ministry of Finance, revealed a few days ago that according to the requirements of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, relevant departments are currently studying, reforming and perfecting the basic old-age insurance system.

　　Regarding the key point of reforming and improving the basic old-age insurance system, Jin Weigang, president of the Chinese Academy of Labor and Social Security, said that China will accelerate the national overall planning of basic old-age insurance funds, and the proportion of central adjustment of old-age insurance funds will be increased from 3% in 2018 to 3.5% in 2019, and the proportion of central adjustment of old-age insurance funds will be further increased in 2020. In addition, we will comprehensively promote the reform of the endowment insurance system in government agencies and institutions, achieve a smooth convergence of pension benefits before and after the reform, and introduce investment management measures for occupational annuities as soon as possible. Improve the employee pension insurance personal account system.

　　"We should also step up the establishment of a reasonable pension adjustment mechanism. It is necessary to ensure that the basic life of retirees is guaranteed and steadily improved, and the fruits of economic development can be properly shared, and the adjustment of treatment should be controlled within the range that funds and finances can bear. " Jin Weigang said.

　　As an important transition of national overall planning of endowment insurance, provincial overall planning is accelerating. By the end of last year, 13 provinces had achieved provincial-level unified collection and expenditure of funds. Shandong, Anhui, Guangxi and Shanxi have recently announced that the provincial-level co-ordination system of basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees will be formally implemented from January 1, 2020.

　　In addition, in terms of maintaining and increasing the value of the endowment insurance fund, the entrusted investment of the basic endowment insurance fund for urban and rural residents will be fully implemented by the end of 2020. The "two pillars" and "three pillars" of old-age insurance will also accelerate the breakthrough.

　　Jin Weigang pointed out that after the urban workers’ basic pension has achieved national overall planning and implemented the investment and operation of the basic old-age insurance fund, with the rapid expansion of the basic old-age insurance fund for urban workers nationwide, the fund adjustment and anti-risk ability have been enhanced, the basic old-age insurance premium rate paid by enterprises can be appropriately reduced in a timely manner, and more enterprises can be guided and encouraged to establish enterprise annuities through policy support. At the same time, by effectively increasing tax incentives to promote the development of the "third pillar", that is, the individual pension system.

　　Zhu Xiaoyu also said that with the acceleration of China’s aging population, the construction of a multi-level social security system is making full efforts, and the development of the second and third pillars will gradually usher in a policy dividend period. At present, the top-level design of the third pillar system is advancing.

　　The relevant person in charge of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission recently said at the routine briefing of the State Council policy that in promoting the development of commercial insurance in the social field, it will improve the personal tax deferred commercial endowment insurance policy and support the development of the third pillar of endowment insurance. The Guiding Opinions of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China on Promoting the High-quality Development of Banking and Insurance Industry also proposes to "vigorously develop enterprise annuities, occupational annuities, various health and old-age insurance businesses" and "strengthen the construction of the third pillar of old-age insurance".

　　"China’s pension insurance system reform has been on the road. The well-off society will be completed in an all-round way soon, and the social security system will also enter a new stage of development in which the institutional structure is basically finalized and more mature and perfect. At ‘ All insurance should be guaranteed ’ After the goal is basically achieved, promoting overall planning, ensuring fairness and sustainability will become the focus of system improvement. " Zhu Xiaoyu said. (Reporter Ban Juanjuan)

2024

SI FA

JI SHU

Types of judicial expertise

There are 28 kinds of traditional four categories and others.

Click here to open the file.

Judicial expertise refers to the activities in which appraisers use science and technology or expertise to identify and judge the specialized issues involved in litigation and provide expert opinions. There are many kinds of professions involved, and any appraisal involving related specialized issues in litigation belongs to the scope of judicial appraisal.

Judicial expertise can be divided into four traditional categories, such as forensic expertise, material evidence expertise, audio-visual material expertise, environmental expertise and other types of judicial expertise outside the four categories, totaling 28.

Number: 2024

Types of judicial expertise

PART 1

Traditional four categories of judicial expertise

1. Forensic medicine

It can be divided into five specific categories: forensic pathology appraisal (such as identification of the cause of death and estimation of the time of death, etc.), forensic clinical appraisal (such as identification of the level of human disability and the degree of human injury, etc.), forensic psychiatric appraisal (such as civil capacity appraisal and mental injury appraisal, etc.), forensic material evidence appraisal (such as kinship appraisal and individual identification, etc.) and forensic poison appraisal (such as volatile poison appraisal and natural medicine poison appraisal, etc.).

2. Physical evidence

It can be divided into three specific categories: document identification (such as handwriting identification, seal identification, etc.), trace identification (such as fingerprint identification, footprint identification, etc.) and trace material evidence identification.

3. Identification of audio-visual materials

It can be divided into recording identification (such as authenticity identification of recording, identity identification of recording, etc.), image identification (such as image content analysis, similarity identification of image works, etc.) and electronic data identification (such as existence identification of electronic data and functional identification of electronic data, etc.).

4. Others

According to the needs of litigation, other authentication matters that should be registered and managed by the judicial administrative department of the State Council in consultation with the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. Including the identified environmental identification (including environmental monitoring identification, environmental pollution damage identification, environmental pollution damage assessment identification, environmental pollution control identification, environmental impact assessment identification, environmental science identification and environmental protection identification, etc. )

PART 2

Judicial expertise outside the traditional four categories

Judicial expertise outside the traditional four categories

The identification beyond the traditional four categories mainly includes:

5. Medical damage

6. Accounting audit (accounting audit, tax audit)

7. Price verification

8. Motor vehicle appraisal and evaluation (motor vehicle technical appraisal and motor vehicle evaluation)

9. Insurance assessment

10. Asset appraisal

11. Forest resource assets assessment (forest resource assets assessment, forest resource survey)

12. Land evaluation

13. Real estate appraisal

14. Surveying and Mapping (Bureau of Surveying and Mapping qualification)

15. Construction engineering (engineering appraisal, engineering cost, engineering inspection, municipal engineering quality appraisal, traffic engineering quality appraisal and design, water conservancy engineering, water transport engineering)

16 product quality appraisal (mechanical and electrical, chemical, light industry, building materials, metal materials and metal products, electronics, food)

17. Intellectual property rights

18. Average assessment

19. Ship inspection and evaluation

20. Mining right evaluation

21. Gold and silver jewelry

22. Arts and crafts

23. Cultural relics identification

24. Scientific and technological advice

25. Safety evaluation

26. Hydrological investigation and evaluation

27. Orthopedic prostheses

28. Other identification types

PART 3

tag

Judicial expertise is an important part of national judicial activities, which plays an irreplaceable role in safeguarding judicial justice, resolving social contradictions, resolving social disputes and promoting social harmony and stability. It is a high unity of science and law. Accurate application of identification categories can improve the quality and efficiency of identification, ensure judicial justice and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of parties.

Original title: "Pro-Law Classroom | What are the types of judicial expertise? 》

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　　CCTV News:Preventing and resolving financial risks, especially preventing systemic financial risks, is the fundamental task of financial work and the eternal theme of financial work. At present, how healthy is China’s financial system? What new progress has been made in risk mitigation in key areas? This reporter interviewed Pan Gongsheng, Party Secretary and President of the People’s Bank of China.

　　Resolve financial risks in key areas in an orderly manner.

　　Pan Gongsheng, Secretary of the Party Committee of China People’s Bank:At present, China’s financial system is generally sound. The People’s Bank of China will conscientiously implement the deployment of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee and resolutely hold the bottom line that systemic financial risks will not occur.

　　How to keep the bottom line? Pan Gongsheng introduced,At the macro level, we should grasp the dynamic balance between economic growth, economic structure adjustment and financial risk prevention.At the same time, alsoEffectively improve the effectiveness of financial supervision, strengthen supervision coordination, form a joint force of supervision, and bring all kinds of financial activities into supervision according to law.

　　Pan Gongsheng also highlighted the latest situation of orderly risk resolution in three key areas: local government debt, real estate and small and medium-sized banks.

　　Pan Gongsheng, Secretary of the Party Committee of China People’s Bank:ResolvingFinancing platform debt riskAt present, important progress has been made, the number of financing platforms and the level of existing debt have been declining, most of the debts due to financing platforms have been succeeded, reorganized and replaced, and the financing cost burden has dropped significantly compared with before. existFinancial support for real estate riskIn terms of solution, we made comprehensive measures from both sides of supply and demand, lowered the down payment ratio of mortgage loans and mortgage interest rates for many times, set up affordable housing refinancing to support the acquisition of existing commercial housing, and accelerated the construction of a new model of real estate development. ResolvingRisk of small and medium-sized financial institutionsOn the other hand, the number of high-risk small and medium-sized banks has dropped by nearly half compared with the peak.

　　Pan Gongsheng also introduced that the People’s Bank of China will accelerate the legislation related to financial stability, promote the construction of financial stability guarantee system, strengthen the guarantee of risk disposal resources, effectively guarantee financial security and effectively prevent systemic financial risks.

　　Do a good job in the "five big articles" of finance

　　The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee put forward that "technology and finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance and digital finance should be actively developed, and quality financial services for major strategies, key areas and weak links should be strengthened."

　　In this regard, Pan Gongsheng said that doing a good job in the "five major articles" of finance is an important focus for the high-quality development of the financial services real economy.

　　Pan Gongsheng said that in recent years, with the increasing financial support, the average annual growth rate of China’s inclusive small and micro loans, green loans, medium and long-term loans for high-tech manufacturing industries and loans for small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises in the past five years has been around 20% ~ 30%, which is much higher than the average growth rate of various loans.

　　Pan Gongsheng, Secretary of the Party Committee of China People’s Bank:The availability of financing has improved significantly.Financing cost is at a historical low.. At the same time, the rapid development of online finance and mobile finance in China has played an important role in improving transaction efficiency, reducing transaction costs and enhancing the inclusiveness of finance, and has become one of the highlights of China’s financial development.

　　The data shows that at present, there are more than 60 million micro-credit households in China, covering about one-third of the business entities; The loan rate of small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises is close to 50%. In June, the weighted average interest rate of new private enterprise loans was less than 4%.

　　Pan Gongsheng said that in the next step, the People’s Bank of China will strengthen cooperation with the management departments of industries such as industry, information technology and environmental protection, further enhance the strength, sustainability and professionalism of financial support, strengthen the top-level design of policies, strengthen positive incentives, enhance the service capacity of financial institutions, broaden financing channels, and guide financial institutions to do the "five major articles" in finance.

　　Pan Gongsheng, Secretary of the Party Committee of China People’s Bank:The People’s Bank of China will focus on major national science and technology projects, small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises and other key areas and weak links, give full play to the role of scientific and technological innovation and technological transformation refinancing, work with relevant departments to cultivate a financial market ecology that supports scientific and technological innovation, improve the mechanism of "fundraising, investment, management and withdrawal" of venture capital, guide financial capital to invest in early, small, long-term and hard technology, meet the financing needs of scientific and technological enterprises at different life cycle stages, and continuously improve the ability and intensity of financial support for scientific and technological innovation.

　　Promote high-level financial opening from five aspects

　　The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee proposed to promote a high level of financial openness, steadily and prudently promote the internationalization of RMB, and develop the offshore RMB market.

　　Financial openness is an inevitable requirement for building a financial power. How will the People’s Bank of China implement it?

　　Pan Gongsheng introduced that the People’s Bank of China will adhere to the orientation of marketization, rule of law and internationalization, enhance the transparency, stability and predictability of the financial opening policy, continue to promote high-level financial opening, and focus on five aspects.

　　Pan Gongsheng, Secretary of the Party Committee of China People’s Bank:One isDeepen the institutional opening of the financial sector.Promote the high-level opening of financial services and financial markets in an orderly manner. The second isSteady and prudentSolidly promote the internationalization of RMB. We will continue to improve the cross-border RMB policy on the basis of market-driven and independent choice.

　　At the same time, the People’s Bank of China will also support the construction of Shanghai as an international financial center, give play to the role of the International Monetary Fund as the Shanghai regional center, and enhance macroeconomic policy exchanges and coordination among countries in the Asia-Pacific region. We will continue to deepen financial cooperation between the Mainland and Hong Kong, strengthen the function of offshore RMB business hub in Hong Kong, and consolidate and enhance the status of international finance centre.

　　In addition, the People’s Bank of China willCreate a more friendly and inclusive business environment. Coordinate the reform of cross-border RMB and foreign exchange management, and improve the level of cross-border trade and investment and financing facilitation. Continuously improve the level of payment services.

　　Pan Gongsheng, Secretary of the Party Committee of China People’s Bank:Remarkable results have been achieved in facilitating the payment of foreign personnel in China. Foreign visitors to China can flexibly choose various payment methods such as bank card, cash and mobile payment. We will continue to do a good job in providing better, more efficient and convenient payment services for foreigners coming to China.

　　Pan Gongsheng introduced that the People’s Bank of China will continue to deeply participate in international financial governance and promote global macroeconomic and financial policy coordination by relying on platforms such as the G20, the International Monetary Fund and the Bank for International Settlements. We will implement the consensus reached at the meeting between the heads of state of China and the United States in San Francisco and take the lead in doing a good job in the financial working groups of China, the United States and China.

　　Pan Gongsheng, Secretary of the Party Committee of China People’s Bank:The development experience of China’s financial market shows that opening wider to the outside world is a powerful driving force and an important guarantee for high-quality financial development, and it is a key measure to enhance the ability to serve the real economy and international competitiveness. We will unswervingly do a good job in financial opening.

　　The latest data shows that,By the end of July, foreign investors held 4.5 trillion yuan of Chinese bonds, a record high.

Beijing Tax Letter [2023] No.61

　　In order to continuously promote the theme education of the tax system, conscientiously implement the Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Development and Growth of the Private Economy (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions) and the arrangement of the the State Council executive meeting on July 31, according to the work arrangement of the State Administration of Taxation, the Beijing Taxation Bureau of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China has launched four batches of "Spring Breeze Action for Facilitating Taxation" measures in the first half of this year, focusing on supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households. We will implement the new series of tax reduction and fee reduction policies, combine the actual tax situation in Beijing and the new needs of taxpayers, and then introduce and optimize a number of "Spring Breeze Action for Facilitating Taxes" measures to help the private economy grow and develop, promote the sustained improvement of economic operation, and better serve high-quality development. The relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:

　　 First, further strengthen policy implementation

　　(a) to formulate and distribute the list of preferential tax policies and related guidelines to support the development of small and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households.

　　(two) according to the list and guidelines, organize face-to-face publicity and interpretation of private enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households. Common questions shall be answered in accordance with the question-and-answer caliber uniformly issued by the State Administration of Taxation, so as to ensure the implementation of unified norms.

　　(3) Improve the accurate push mechanism of tax and fee policies, implement the Work Specification for Accurate Push of Tax and Fee Policies of the State Administration of Taxation, better realize "finding people by policies" and ensure that policies can be enjoyed directly and quickly.

　　(4) Improve the service measures for retrospective enjoyment. For those who need tax refund, they should fully respect the will of taxpayers and handle it in time through special projects.

　　(5) If the taxpayer fails to enjoy the policy of adding and deducting R&D expenses in time during the levy period in July this year for various reasons, it can be supplemented in August and September by changing the second quarter (or June) enterprise income tax prepayment declaration; Actively work with relevant departments to collect and compile appraisal cases of R&D projects, and help qualified small and medium-sized enterprises fully and accurately enjoy the bonus of R&D expenses plus deduction policy.

　　(six) for small-scale taxpayers to reduce the value-added tax concessions, small-scale low-profit enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households income tax concessions and other policies, increase the implementation of independent declaration and self-enjoyment, and constantly expand the scope of application.

　　(VII) Improve the push mechanism of dividend bills for tax reduction and fee reduction, optimize and improve system functions, and explore personalized and customized push services for dividend bills.

　　 Two, to further facilitate the handling of taxes and fees

　　(eight) for the "enterprise financial accounting system" and other 11 proof materials using access to reuse measures, reduce the data submitted repeatedly, reduce the burden of tax payment.

　　(9) Deepen the implementation of the notification commitment system for 12 tax certification items, such as "identity certificate of individual industrial and commercial business operators", strictly control the newly established tax certification items, and do not require taxpayers to test, inspect, authenticate, authenticate, notarize or provide certificates before applying for tax matters.

　　(ten) in accordance with the deployment of the State Administration of Taxation, promote digital electronic invoices, help the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and further reduce the institutional transaction costs of small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　(eleven) continue to optimize the value-added tax, enterprise income tax, personal income tax and other tax declaration and pre-filling services, explore intelligent pre-filling, and shorten the reporting time.

　　(12) Optimize the procedures for inter-provincial migration of small and medium-sized enterprises. For qualified small and medium-sized enterprises, the tax authorities shall go through the formalities for moving out in a timely manner according to regulations, and the migration information shall be pushed to the tax authorities in the place where they move in.

　　(XIII) Further optimize the information sharing method of bank and tax credit, and help more private enterprises to obtain financing support through "bank-tax interaction" with good tax credit on the premise of ensuring data security and safeguarding taxpayers’ legitimate rights and interests.

　　 Third, further improve the appeal response

　　(14) Give full play to the role of the mechanism for solving the service demands of taxes and fees. The State Administration of Taxation and the provincial tax bureaus will establish direct contact points for private enterprises at the same time, conduct regular visits and discussions for private enterprises, systematically sort out the problems strongly reflected by small and medium-sized enterprises, study practical and effective solutions, and respond to the reasonable demands of taxpayers and payers in a timely manner.

　　(15) Organize the tax system to continue the service season for small and medium-sized enterprises, focus on the needs and expectations of small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households, expand innovative service measures, and promote the new series of tax reduction and fee reduction policies to be better implemented.

　　(16) Further strengthen the linkage with the Federation of Industry and Commerce and other departments, actively carry out multi-field and multi-level online and offline professional training and counseling for private enterprises, actively explore the provision of personalized services for different types of private enterprises, and help private enterprises in the transformation and upgrading stage to improve their compliance ability.

　　(17) Cooperate with local chambers of commerce to organize the establishment of private enterprise service stations or service consultants, carry out in-depth work of popularizing law, answering questions, mediating, safeguarding rights, etc., and meet the service needs of enterprise tax and fee consultation in a timely manner.

　　 Fourth, further deepen cross-border services

　　(XVIII) Simplify the relevant statements of overseas investment and information obtained by enterprises, reduce the frequency of submission, and further reduce the reporting burden of enterprises.

　　(XIX) Optimize the "single window" service functions of the electronic tax bureau and international trade, and implement the "exemption from reporting" of export tax refund invoices and export customs declarations, so as to further improve the convenience of private enterprises and other enterprises in handling export tax rebates.

　　(20) Set up the 12366 cross-border service consultation hotline, strengthen the collection and collation of high-frequency difficult tax-related issues in cross-border operations, launch and constantly improve the "cross-border taxpayer’s difficult questions", and broaden the channels for private enterprises to solve doubts and doubts.

　　(21) Combined with the overseas investment characteristics of private enterprises in this Municipality, after official website, the State Administration of Taxation, issued the "Overseas Tax Case Library", cooperate with the publicity and utilization of the "Overseas Tax Case Library", assist in updating and issuing the investment tax guide for countries (regions), and help "going out" private enterprises to prevent tax risks and improve their tax compliance ability.

　　(twenty-two) deepen the use of international tax legal tools such as mutual consultation procedures of tax treaties and advance pricing arrangements, and make greater efforts to help taxpayers such as private enterprises solve cross-border tax-related disputes and improve the tax certainty of cross-border operations.

　　(23) Focusing on the characteristics and tax-related demands of the "going out" taxpayers in this Municipality, we will optimize and upgrade the "Belt and Road" measures for tax services, better serve the "going out" taxpayers in this Municipality, and create a good tax environment for private enterprises to better "go out".

　　 Fifth, further optimize the law enforcement methods

　　(24) Insist on collecting taxes and fees according to laws and regulations, resolutely refuse to collect "excessive taxes and fees", expand and smooth the complaint reporting channels such as the 12366 tax payment service hotline, and seriously investigate and deal with the behavior of collecting "excessive taxes and fees" together.

　　(twenty-five) to accelerate the development of regional unified tax administrative punishment discretion benchmark, and promote regional tax law enforcement coordination.

　　(26) In accordance with the relevant deployment requirements of the State Administration of Taxation, the tax authorities shall provide guidance to private enterprises that meet the requirements and have real difficulties in paying taxes, and shall not take enforcement measures for those who pay taxes as planned.

　　(27) Adhere to the combination of education and punishment, and further strictly implement the system of "no penalty for the first violation". If 14 items in the list of "no penalty for the first violation" of tax administrative punishment occur for the first time and the harmful consequences are slight, they will not be given administrative punishment.

　　(28) Strictly implement the system of fair competition and equity review of tax regulatory documents, strengthen the review of relevant policies and measures, earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of taxpayers in the private economy such as small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households, and ensure that all types of enterprises are treated equally and equally.

　　All units should adhere to the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, resolutely implement the "Two Unswervings", fully understand the significance of promoting the development and growth of the private economy, fully understand the significance of doing a good job in current tax work to promote the sustained recovery and high-quality development of the national economy, and earnestly enhance the sense of mission and responsibility. Taking the implementation of the Opinions and the spirit of the executive meeting of Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council seriously as an important task to further promote the theme education of the tax system, we should work closely with the actual creativity, solve problems and do practical things for taxpayers in accordance with the law and regulations, take the initiative to cooperate efficiently, be close to the fine service, and strive to promote the private economy to become bigger and better. It is necessary to combine the requirements of continuous innovation and development of "Jinjiang Experience", constantly enrich and improve the measures and methods for tax departments to serve small, medium and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households, sum up and popularize good experiences and practices in a timely manner, and fix effective experiences and practices to form a system, so as to ensure that the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to promote the development of the private economy and the new series of tax reduction and fee reduction policies are fully effective in the tax system, and make new and greater contributions to the high-quality development of services.

State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China Beijing Municipal Taxation Bureau　　　　

August 22, 2023　　

　　　 [XCAR Information Original]

　　　　Chevrolet recently officially released the details of the 2012 Corvette. The interior of the new car is equipped with new seats, a modified steering wheel and a center console with padding. Options include a doctor’s stereo, a suit with GPS navigation and colored brake calipers (available in red, yellow, silver and gray).

Chevrolet corvette

Chevrolet corvette

　　　　Corvette Z06 can provide high-performance kit, electromagnetic adjustable suspension control device, carbon fiber hood and Michelin Pilot Sport Cup tires. The ZR1 can provide a new PDE high-performance package, including a rear spoiler with the same width and new aluminum wheels. In addition, the transmission of the car has been improved and the transmission ratio is higher, so the fuel economy can be improved by 2 miles per gallon. The car factory did not announce the price, but only said that the 2012 Corvette will be put into mass production in July.

Chevrolet corvette

Chevrolet corvette

Chevrolet corvette

Chevrolet corvette

　　　　Editor’s comment:Chevrolet 2012 Corvette has more outstanding driving performance and handling, while the interior has been further improved, paying more attention to performance and comfort.

　　Core reading

　　The table tennis robot demonstrates the powerful "behavior" ability of artificial intelligence. In the future, with the upgrading and maturity of table tennis robots, it will help athletes to train better and promote the popularization of table tennis.

　　Some time ago, a video of "the longest ping-pong round in history" released by the ITTF aroused widespread concern among fans on the Internet. In the video, professional players and table tennis enthusiasts use different tools such as rackets, spatulas and books to relay the ball back in different environments, and staged an interesting table tennis party.

　　Nowadays, the application of artificial intelligence technology has inserted the wings of imagination into table tennis. A table tennis robot with a smart "brain" is constantly challenging. Will it defeat the table tennis world champion?

　　Help popularize sports.

　　In 2014, German table tennis star Bohr faced a table tennis robot named KUKA. In the face of robots, the former world No.1 player took high gear and low gear, but he could only rely on tennis balls and edge balls to keep up with the score and finally win narrowly. Although this duel is only an advertising marketing, the level of robots was not very strong at that time, but the seeds of imagination have been planted in the hearts of researchers.

　　China Table Tennis Institute of Shanghai Sport University cooperated with Xinsong Robot Automation Co., Ltd. to develop two generations of Pongbot table tennis duet robots. Although the fighting robot has only one mechanical arm, it can already achieve man-machine combat. At the same time, through the deep learning and reinforcement learning model in the artificial intelligence algorithm, the robot can "study" the opponent’s movements and hitting methods while playing, and formulate the return strategy by predicting the table tennis trajectory.

　　Deng Yaping, the Olympic champion of table tennis, once competed with the second-generation duet robot in a TV program, testing the performance of the robot from three dimensions: speed, strength and rotation. From the beginning of the "helpless" when facing the fast break, to the end, the robot can successfully catch the difficult backspin ball. After one or two hundred rounds of fighting, the robot has shown strong adaptability and learning ability. "Table tennis robots have great potential and cannot be underestimated." Deng Yaping said.

　　In fact, robots have been widely used in medical care, automobile, chemical industry, education and other fields. In the field of sports, there are also companies that have produced robots that can complete gymnastics movements. Ren Jie, vice president of China Table Tennis Institute of Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, who participated in the research and development of table tennis robots, said that the original intention of designing table tennis robots was to use scientific and technological means to help athletes train better and promote the popularization of table tennis.

　　Strong learning ability

　　In March of this year, Pombert played against the robot’s "brother" product — — Serve robot comes out. The service robot has two mechanical arms, which can throw the ball with one hand and hit the ball with the racket in the other. Compared with the traditional service machine, the service robot highly restores the service action of real people, provides athletes with time to observe their opponents, and exercises their reaction ability and ball handling ability.

　　However, in order to achieve a high degree of personification, in addition to the appearance and action, we must also realize the variety of service. Ren Jie introduced that the service robot can set different rotation types and landing points of the ball, and can simulate different playing styles through the quick change of the racket. "After practicing such a combination, I feel as if I am playing against a real person, or a master!" An experiencer lamented.

　　The "trump card" of the serve robot is the function of trajectory analysis and action analysis. Two distributed binocular vision systems are like a pair of "smart eyes", which can capture the trajectory of the ball and the athletes in time. Coupled with the "brain" of artificial intelligence algorithm for deep learning and timely adjustment of technical and tactical strategies, a set of "combination boxing" makes the service robot "smart".

　　"If you beat the human Go master ‘ Alpha dog ’ Show us the powerful artificial intelligence ‘ Thinking ’ Ability, the table tennis robot shows the powerful artificial intelligence ‘ Behavior ’ The ability reflects the manufacturing strength in the field of industrial automation in terms of accurate identification, rapid response and flexible control. " Ren Jie said.

　　With a deep understanding of table tennis, China Table Tennis Institute has avoided many detours in the process of cooperative research and development of table tennis robots. At the beginning of the design, the serve robot was set at a very fast speed. Later, it was found that this exceeded the acceptance ability of most athletes, which not only failed to achieve the exercise effect, but also increased the configuration of motors and motors, which was completely unnecessary. "Technology research and development should conform to the laws of reality." Ren Jie said, "So we suggest debugging the robot with reference to the speed, frequency and rotation of the ball when the coach conducts multi-ball training."

　　Wide application prospect

　　In the past table tennis class, 20 students shared 10 tables. If the teacher practiced multi-ball training one by one, it was often difficult to take care of all the students in one class. Gu Nan, director of the training department of China Table Tennis Academy, said that after the school starts, the college will put 10 service robots into classroom teaching. Through personalized settings, each student can carry out targeted training in a mode suitable for his current level. In this way, teachers have more time to guide students.

　　Robots can assist teaching, can the training object be robots? China Table Tennis Academy makes serve robots and duet robots become "apprentices". The former uses professional training mode and flexibly adjusts course training according to the progress level of apprentices. The latter quickly learns different return strategies.

　　If the goal of the duet robot is to beat the world champion of table tennis, then the service robot takes the route of "being close to the people", which is more suitable for ordinary table tennis lovers to practice basic skills. In the future, in addition to daily teaching, service robots can also enter community fitness centers, table tennis clubs and so on. With such a machine, one person can also play ball. If you set the relevant data, you can have a hearty duel.

　　Ren Jie imagined that in the future, with the help of technologies such as 5G and AR (augmented reality), robots may also be able to synchronize the movements of the participants at the other end of the line in real time, realizing the "cloud battle" of table tennis matches, making table tennis break through the limitations of time and space and become more interesting. Shi Zhihao, dean of China Table Tennis Institute of Shanghai Sport University, hopes to lead the development trend of table tennis in the world through the combination of artificial intelligence technology and table tennis. At the same time, in the process of upgrading the related products of table tennis robots, more technological innovations will be applied to the cultivation of high-level table tennis talents.